An article from JVC states, that "shutter speed and frame rate [...] are the two strongest characteristics of what we call the film look" (http://www.prohd.net/getResource?id=6118). So my question is: Is there an (albeit underlying) noticeable difference between 24p (1/48 shutter) and 25p (1/50 shutter)? I am asking, because I am living in Europe, and the HD100E has got the 24p mode, while the HVX200E will not have got it.

Nope. I think it's possible to tell the difference between 25fps PAL material refreshing at 50hz and 24fps material refreshing at 60hz, but if you were asked to tell the difference between a film projector running at 24fps vs 25fps, I can't believe for a second anybody would be able to tell.